March 19, 2019

A postdoctoral scholar, or postdoc, “is an individual holding a doctoral degree who is engaged in a temporary period of mentored research and/or scholarly training for the purpose of acquiring the professional skills needed to pursue a career path of his or her choosing,” according to the National Postdoctoral Association.

Among the most coveted postdoctoral appointments are those from the NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP). These fellowships offer early-career researchers “the opportunity to share in NASA’s mission, to reach for new heights, and to reveal the unknown so that what we do and learn will benefit all humankind,” NPP says.

The College of Sciences is the proud host of six NPP fellows advancing NASA’s mission in astrobiology and solar system exploration. The concentration of talent testifies to Georgia Tech’s vibrant astrobiology and space science research communities.   

Meet the six NPP fellows whose scientific career paths are being shaped by their mentors in the College of Sciences. Just as we invest in our students, we have a huge stake in the success of these early-career scientists. Like our graduates, they will be very much our alumni, too, after they move on.  

          Peter Conlin

          Moran Frenkel-Pinter

          Andrew Mullen

          Micah Schaible

          Nicholas Speller

          Nadia Szeinbaum

March 13, 2019

Bulking up to avoid being eaten may have been one reason single-celled organisms joined to form multicellular entities. That’s one of the hypotheses to explain the transition to multicellularity in the early stages of life on Earth. How and why that transition occurred is one of the major questions in the story of how life began and evolved.

Georgia Tech researchers report evidence to support this hypothesis. Watching in real time, they observed how a single-celled alga became a multicellular organism in just 50 weeks after they introduced a predator. The study was published online on Feb. 20, 2019, in Scientific Reports.

“The study showed that small single-celled organisms can evolve to become larger multicellular organisms as a way to avoid being eaten,” says Matt Herron, a senior research scientist in the School of Biological Sciences and the study’s lead author.

“Nearly every living thing has to contend with the possibility of being a meal to others,” Herron says. Complex life forms have evolved various defenses to avoid becoming someone else's dinner – such as camouflage, speed, weapons, and chemical defenses. One way to avoid being eaten is to become too big for the predators. Among microbes, one way to get bigger is to form a group of cells – in other words, to become multicellular.

All multicellular organisms evolved from unicellular ancestors. But because the evolution occurred hundreds of millions of years ago, it’s hard to know how or why it happened. Experimental evolution allows researchers to watch evolutionary change as it occurs in real time in the laboratory.

“We grew some algae with predators and some without predators,” says William Ratcliff, an assistant professor in the School of Biological Sciences and study coauthor. “After 50 weeks, we compared the two cultures. We found that some cultures grown with predators had become multicellular, but cultures grown without predators remained unicellular.”

 “This could be a first step toward the kind of complex multicellularity we see in animals, plants, fungi, and seaweeds,” Herron says. “The multicellular algae that evolved in our experiment could be used to explore how they continue to evolve. For example, can these algae evolve a division of labor, with cells becoming specialized to perform different functions?”

Other authors from Georgia Tech are School of Biological Sciences Professor Frank Rosenzweig, postdoctoral researcher Kimberly Chen, technician Joshua Borin, and graduate students Jacob Boswell and Jillian Walker. Other coauthors are Charles Knox and Margarethe Boyd, of the University of Montana, Missoula.

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, NASA, the Packard Foundation, and the John Templeton Foundation.

Figure Caption
Depiction of algal life cycles after evolution with (B, C, and D) or without (A) predators for 50 weeks. D shows a fully multicellular life cycle, with multicellular clusters releasing multicellular propagules. (Credit: Scientific Reports)

March 11, 2019

By Mallory Rosten, Communications Assistant

There are three inevitable things in this world: death, taxes, and feeling like an idiot when you push a pull door or pull a push door.

Doors should be intuitive, but if they’re not, it’s not your fault. It’s bad design, according to Rachel Stuck.

Stuck is the president of the Georgia Tech chapter of the Human Factors and Ergonomic Society (HFES-GT). “There are so many things that you encounter that make your day frustrating and it’s really just because they’re poorly designed,” she says, pointing out examples on Georgia Tech’s campus like confusing signage and those aforementioned doors.

HFES-GT is working to change that.

Since its founding in 1999, HFES-GT has helped improve how we interact with design. Mostly made up of Ph.D. students in Georgia Tech’s Engineering Psychology Program, HFES-GT teaches others about the role of design in people’s lives. Because of its work, HFES-GT has consistently won awards for Best Action Plan and Outstanding Student Chapter.

Engineering psychologists explore the relationship between humans and the products we use every day. “When you think of psychology, you think about Sigmund Freud, or going to a counselor and talking about your dreams, or a reading self-help book. And to me, that’s not really a full impression of what psychologists do,” says Jamie Gorman, an associate professor in the School of Psychology and the chapter’s faculty advisor.

Engineering psychology can be traced back to aviation psychology, a field that emerged when World War II created the need for better pilot-cockpit interactions. Now, the field extends to all kinds of human-machine relationships.

Eschewing Bad Design

Stuck lives and breathes design. “Design is integral for pretty much anything,” Stuck says, turning to the chairs we’re sitting on. “For these chairs, someone decided the height based on the height of the average person,” she explains. They did not just make chairs; they had to consider the comfort of its user.

When Stuck became president last year, she focused on these everyday applications. “People aren’t aware of how much design impacts your life,” she says. “We want to help people be more aware of their surroundings. That’s partly why we host this bad design poster competition in Atlanta.”

Stuck is referring to the annual Bad Design Atlanta Competition, now in its 10th year. Georgia Tech students are encouraged to find bad design and propose a solution to fix it. In 2016, Connie Xie won for the stairs to nowhere, the frustrating set of stairs leading up to University House in Midtown that seems straight out of Alice in Wonderland. At the base, they’re quite wide, then they narrow to an extreme, winding and ending at a small platform.

Working in the Community

The chapter also reaches out to the community through programs at Fernbank Science Day and the Atlanta Science Festival, where they host games for kids that highlight the importance of good design. “I think that is extremely important,” Gorman says. “That’s where the next generation is going to come from.” He’s also excited about the five-minute method videos that the chapter posts on Youtube, teaching the public about design.

But perhaps the most exciting work is the chapter’s partnerships with nonprofits. “I want to continue helping organizations that can’t necessarily hire experts to come in and evaluate things like their websites or forms,” Stuck says.

For more than two years, Stuck had been volunteering with Furkids, so this group was the perfect option for the chapter’s first nonprofit project. Their goal is to redesign the pet profiles, which provide information for potential adopters. “Right now there’s not really a lot of consistency in the type of information that’s provided,” Stuck says. “For some you have really detailed information. Others you don’t.”

The chapter has also worked with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to improve the usability of their immunization schedules, and they also won an award for a design to improve Web-based voting. “That’s part of the beauty of our field,” Stuck says. “We learn a bunch of basic methods, but they can be applied in a lot of different settings.”

Engineering Psychology as a Career

Stuck’s own research is concerned with human-robot interactions, specifically, the role trust plays in those relationships. For example, Stuck examined the relationship between the elderly and their robotic caregivers. She found that the older adults often projected human emotions onto the robot.

Stuck’s journey to investigating robots has been winding. She originally started her career as a restaurant cook, but she didn’t find purpose and meaning in it. So she went on to study international law to apply to wildlife protection, but her classes didn’t excite her. “I was interested in engineering and psychology,” she says, “but neither of them alone was actually that appealing to me.” When she learned that there was a field called engineering psychology, her path suddenly became clear.

“I never thought I would get so passionate about reading research articles,” she laughs, “I get to take what I’ve learned and use it to actually improve people’s lives. And I enjoy getting to solve the problems.”

Clearly, HFES-GT has had extraordinary success, which Stuck and Gorman attribute to the students at Tech. “The quality of students that we have in our program, and I’m probably biased, but I think far exceeds some of the skills and talents and motivation of other students in other chapters,” Gorman says.

“The chapter works really hard,” Stuck says, “And I’m building on a lot of other prior work that’s been done by other student officers. We have strong students.”

March 6, 2019

Sal Barone, an academic professional in the School of Mathematics at Georgia Tech, was recently in the news for helping to organize a suprise meeting between several local American Ninja Warriors and Nathan Bywaters, an eight-year-old aspiring Ninja who had recently gone through a life-saving open heart surgery. 

The meeting took place at the 2019 Georgia Tech for the Kids - Dance Marathon. The annual at Georgia Tech raises money for sick kids in our local community to get the care they need.

"Georgia Tech for the Kids has raised more than $322,000 for the Sibley Heart Center and warriors like Nathan. You can follow his story on Instagram at @nathantheheartwarrior." -NBC News

Nathan got to meeet Nick Patel, Joey DeSocio, Michael "Greatness" Johnson, Calle Alexander, and Sal Barone, all of whom have participated in the NBC TV show American Ninja Warrior. 

"One of my old students, Emily Bly, came into my office and told me about Nathan. Of course, I had to help in any way I could. Clearly Nathan is a very very strong kid, in more ways than one." -Sal Barone

At the event, Nathan was presented with a signed American Ninja Warrior t-shirt, He was also interviewed for the NBC news story, which appeared online and on TV.

"Today was most definitely the best day of my life!!! @gtftk arranged a surprise meeting for me today with some real life ninjas!!!!!! You guys have no idea how much this means to me!" -Nathan Bywaters via Instagram

Dr. Barone also appeared in a feature made by Georgia Tech when he competed in American Ninja Warrior, and says he may try to go back to being a Ninja someday.

"It's a lot like doing research mathematics [being a ninja], or anything else that's really hard: you have to devote yourself completely and be passionate and work incredibly hard, every day. There are no half-ninjas." -Sal Barone

Even if there are no half-ninjas, Nathan has shown us that great things really can come in half-sized packages and that there is no limit to what you can overcome if you really set your mind to it.

"He really is one of the strongest kids I've met. Just a few hours after his surgery he told a friend of mine who was there that his new heart is going to change the world and I really believe that he is going to do huge things to support kids just like him when he gets older." -Emily Bly

February 26, 2019

Promising research toward what could become the first simple and accurate test for the early detection of ovarian cancer could be validated – and expanded – thanks to a significant grant from the Prevent Cancer Foundation.

If validated, the general technique for the work could also have a variety of other applications. “In my dream world, a single blood test could be used to screen for multiple diseases,” said John McDonald, the leader of the research and a professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Ovarian cancer is especially dangerous because women often don’t show symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage and difficult to treat. In contrast, when caught early “about 94 percent of patients live longer than five years after diagnosis,” according to the American Cancer Society. 

The problem is that there is no good test for detecting the disease at an early stage. 

About seven years ago McDonald and colleagues decided to see if they could change that by merging the disparate disciplines of biology, analytical chemistry and computer science. “Bringing the computer into it was novel at the time,” said McDonald, who is also director of Georgia Tech’s Integrated Cancer Research Center.

His Georgia Tech collaborators on the initial work were Professor Facundo Fernández, the Vasser Woolley Foundation Chair in Bioanalytical Chemistry, and Alex Gray, an assistant professor of computer science (Gray has since left Georgia Tech to become VP for Artificial Intelligence Science at IBM). They were joined by clinical consultant Dr. Benedict Benigno, a gynecological oncologist and CEO of the Ovarian Cancer Institute in Atlanta.

Promising Results

The researchers initially analyzed blood samples from 49 healthy women and 46 with early-stage ovarian cancer. They specifically focused on metabolites in those samples. Metabolites are molecules like fatty acids that our cells produce through enzymatic reactions.  

In the molecular equivalent of finding needles in a haystack, they proceeded to analyze some 40,000 metabolites to see if there were any associated with the cancer patients that differed from those in samples from the healthy women. These could be biomarkers for the disease; molecules to screen for in an annual test.

Through a variety of techniques, the team first pared down the original thousands of metabolites to a collection of 255 candidate biomarkers. They then applied machine learning to that set, asking the computer to find any metabolites that were over- or under-expressed in the cancer samples. 

“That’s what machine learning is all about,” McDonald said. “The computer is simply looking for correlations in very large data sets, then it comes back to you with what it has found.”

In 2015 the team reported in the journal Scientific Reports the discovery of 16 metabolites that could distinguish women with ovarian cancer from those without the disease with 100 percent accuracy. “Basically we modeled the face of cancer at the metabolic level,” McDonald said. 

Moving Forward

With the new $100,000 grant, the researchers hope to validate their earlier work with samples from some 1,000 women, as compared to the roughly 100 they originally studied. The new study will also include samples from a much more diverse set of women (the original samples were from Caucasian women).

They also aim to expand the work to look for biomarkers associated with different types of ovarian cancer. “We want to be able to distinguish between a Type II cancer with high malignant potential – one that’s highly likely to spread outside the ovary – and a Type I with low malignant potential. A cancer with high malignant potential you’d want to treat right away, while a cancer with low malignant potential might not require immediate surgery,” McDonald said.

In conclusion, McDonald said, “it’s exciting because the initial results look like [our approach] might work.”

Research News
Georgia Institute of Technology
177 North Avenue
Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0181  USA

Media Relations Assistance: John Toon (404-894-6986) (jtoon@gatech.edu).

Writer: Elizabeth Thomson

February 25, 2019

What is earthquake “music”? Can coral reefs devastated by climate change be saved? Does science support the supposed benefits of meditation?

ScienceMatters, the podcast of the College of Sciences, brings more tales of curiosity and discovery. Season 2 is now live at sciencematters.gatech.edu.

All episodes are available for instant listening. However, the ScienceMatters quizzes will follow the episode order. Follow the College of Sciences on Facebook and Twitter (@GT_Sciences, #sciencematters) to find quiz questions and meet winners.

Stars of Season 2

Season 2 features five of the College of Sciences’ award-winning faculty and one of its enterprising postdoctoral researchers.

  • When the Earth’s tectonic plates collide and slide, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Professor Zhigang Peng takes data from seismic sensors and creates “earthquake music.” The results can help scientists learn more about what goes on beneath our planet’s crust.
  • There’s more to meditation than just chanting mantras in your favorite yoga studio. Practitioners claim the benefits include better mental and physical health. Do the data back those claims? School of Psychology Professor Paul Verhaeghen examines the science behind meditation.
  • Glaucoma usually affects older people, but a form of the eye disease can strike younger patients, including children. That keeps School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Professor Raquel Lieberman hard at work studying wayward proteins that may hold the key to new treatments for the second-leading cause of blindness.
  • One of the top algae scientists in the world, award-winning School of Biological Sciences Professor Mark Hay, examines the mortal peril facing the world’s coral reefs in a two-part episode. The first part gives a grim prognosis. But the second part offers hope that the coral reefs could heal themselves – if given the chance.
  • With incessant curiosity, David Hu discovers physics among water-walking geckos, bridge-building ant, and urinating zoo animals. Hu, an associate professor in the School of Biological Sciences and the School of Physics, has a joint appointment with the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering. This conversation is an edited excerpt from the Uncommon Engineer podcast. Our thanks to Steven McLaughlin, podcast host and dean of the College of Engineering.
  • Kennda Lynch studies ancient lakes on Earth that serve as stand-ins for Mars’ formerly flooded craters. The School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences postdoctoral researcher helps NASA look for potential landing sites on the Red Planet.

Join the ScienceMatters Quiz for Fun Prizes

Although all episodes are now available, we will feature episodes in sequence for the ScienceMatters quiz.

Each week on a Wednesday, we will post a question about the week’s episode. We invite you to submit answers at sciencematters.gatech.edu, until Tuesday noon of the following week.

We will choose a winner randomly from all correct entries. We will announce and notify the lucky winner on the following Wednesday.

Winners will receive exclusive ScienceMatters gifts.

Questions will be posted on the College of Sciences’ Facebook page (@GTSciences) and Twitter feed (@GT_Sciences) and at sciencematters.gatech.edu.

The weekly quizzes will start on Wednesday, Feb 27. We will pause during spring break and resume on March 27. The last quiz will be posted on April 17. The last winner will be named on April 24.

February 25, 2019

Desert snakes slithering across the sand at night can encounter obstacles such as plants or twigs that alter the direction of their travel. While studying that motion to learn how limbless animals control their bodies in such environments, researchers discovered that snakes colliding with these obstacles mimic aspects of light or subatomic particles when they encounter a diffraction grating.

The effect of this “mechanical diffraction” allowed researchers to observe how the snakes’ trajectories were altered through passive mechanisms governed by the skeletal and muscular dynamics of the animals’ propagating body waves. The researchers studied live snakes as they slithered through an obstacle made up of six force-sensitive rigid pegs that buckled the animals’ bodies, changing their paths in predictable ways.

The results, described February 25 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, indicate that the Western Shovel-nosed snakes (Chionactis occipitalis) do not deliberately change direction when they encounter obstacles while speeding across the sand. Understanding the movement of these limbless animals could help engineers improve the control of autonomous search and rescue robots designed to operate on sand, grass and other complex environments. 

“The idea behind passive dynamics is that there are waveform shape changes being made by the animal that are driven entirely by the passive properties of their bodies,” said Perrin Schiebel, a recent Ph.D. graduate of the School of Physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology. “Instead of sending a signal to activate a muscle, the interaction of the snakes’ bodies with the external environment is what causes the shape change. The forces of the obstacles are pushing the snake bodies into a new shape.”

The colorful shovel-nosed snake normally uses a sinusoidal S-shaped wave to move across the deserts of the Southwest United States. Running into rigid pegs in a laboratory environment doesn’t lead it to actively change that waveform, which Schiebel and colleagues studied using high-speed video cameras with eight different animals. 

In a study supported by the National Science Foundation, Army Research Office, Defense Advanced Projects Agency, and a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, the researchers used 253 snake trips to build up a diffraction pattern. Remarkably, the pattern also revealed that the scattering directions were “quantized” such that the probability of finding a snake behind the array could be represented in a pattern mimicking wave interference. A computational model was able to capture the pattern, demonstrating how the snakes’ direction would be altered by obstacle encounters via passive body buckling.

“One problem with robots moving in the real world is that we don’t yet have principles by which we can understand how best to control these robots on granular surfaces like sand, leaf litter, rubble or grass,” said Daniel Goldman, Dunn Family Professor in Georgia Tech’s School of Physics and a researcher in the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience. “The point of this study was to try to understand how limbless locomotors, which have long bodies that can bend in interesting ways using potentially complicated neuromechanical control schemes, manage to move through complicated terrain.”

The snake experiment was suggested by a robotic study done by postdoctoral fellow Jennifer Rieser, who found similar behavior among robots encountering obstacles.

“The robot tends to have aspects that mimic features of the subatomic world — the quantum world,” Goldman explained. “When it collides with barriers, a robot propagates through those barriers using waves of body bending. Its trajectory deviates as it exits the barriers, and many repeated trials reveal a ‘lumpy’ scattering pattern, analogous to experiments. We realized that we could use this surprising and beautiful phenomenon, classical physics but with self-propulsion a key feature, as a scattering experiment to interrogate the control scheme used by the snakes.”

Experimentally, the researchers used a “snake arena” covered with shag carpet to mimic sand. Undergraduate students Alex Hubbard and Lillian Chen released the snakes one at a time into the arena and encouraged them to slither through the grating.

The eyes of the desert snakes are naturally covered with scales to protect them. The researchers used children’s face paint to temporarily “blindfold” the animals so they would not be distracted by the researchers. The paint did not harm the animals.

“When we put the snakes down in the arena, they started moving using the same waveform they use on desert sand,” explained Schiebel. “They would then encounter the dowel grating, pass through it, and continue on the other side still using that waveform.”

Instead of continuing to travel through the arena in a straight line, the snakes would exit at a different angle, though they did not grab the posts or use them to assist their movement. Schiebel worked with Zeb Rocklin, a Georgia Tech assistant professor of physics, to model the directional changes. The model showed how simple interactions between the snakes' wave pattern and the grating produce patterns of favored scattering directions.

“We think the snake is essentially operating in a model that control engineers would consider ‘open loop,’” said Goldman. “It is setting a particular motor program on its body, which generates the characteristic wave pattern, and when it collides with the obstacle, its body mechanics allow it to deform and move the posts without degrading its speed.”

Goldman believes the work could help developers of snake-like robots improve their control schemes.

“We think that our discoveries of the role of passive dynamics in the snake can facilitate new snake robot designs that will enable them to move through complex environments more fluidly,” he said. “The goal would be to build search and rescue robots that can get into these complex environments and help first responders.”

And as a bonus, Goldman said, “We find that the richness of interactions between self-propelled systems like snakes and robots with their environment is fascinating from the standpoint of ‘active matter’ physics.”

This work was supported by National Science Foundation Physics of Living Systems program awards PHY-1205878, PHY-1150760 and CMMI-1361778; by the Army Research Office through award W911NF-11-1-0514; U.S. DoD National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) 32 CFR 168a; and by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Young Faculty Award. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor organizations.

CITATION: Perrin E. Schiebel, et al., “Mechanical diffraction reveals the role of passive dynamics in a slithering snake,” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2019).

Research News
Georgia Institute of Technology
177 North Avenue
Atlanta, Georgia  30332-0181  USA

Media Relations Contact: John Toon (404-894-6986) (jtoon@gatech.edu)

Writer: John Toon

 

February 22, 2019

The monthly series "My Favorite Element" part of Georgia Tech's celebration of 2019 as the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, #IYPT2019GT. Each month a member of the Georgia Tech community will share his/her favorite element via video.

Amit Reddi is an assistant professor in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry. He is an inorganic chemist interested in the roles metals play in biology. Up to 50% of all proteins require a metal for their proper functioning. Yet, only about a dozen metals are encounterered in biology.  

That so few metals allow proteins to function in hundreds of different ways is what drew Reddi to research: to better understand how proteins and metals interact to achieve diversity in protein function.

On the other hand, the metals crucial to protein function are also toxic to cells when they are not handled properly in the cell.  At Georgia Tech, Reddi studies how entire cells and organisms are able to use metals productively fashion, without suffering their toxicity.

His favorite element is .... Watch the video!

Renay San Miguel, communications officer in the College of Sciences, produced and edited the videos in this series. 

Other videos in this series are available at https://periodictable.gatech.edu/.

January 2019: Jeanine Williams, biochemistry major and track star

 

February 19, 2019

By Mallory Rosten, Communications Assistant

It takes a lot to be an athlete at Georgia Tech: perseverance, discipline, and a craving for challenge. An athlete spends every day practicing and gives up many weekends to compete. Coupled with the demanding coursework at Tech, the choice to be a student-athlete is daunting.

It takes an extraordinary kind of student to be an athlete. These four students stand out not just in their respective sports, but also in their academics and commitment to their communities.

They love their sports for different reasons. Some enjoy the bond with their teammates while others thrive solo. Some have always loved their sport, while others fell into it accidentally or even reluctantly.

But they’re all athletes because they’re driven to excel. They relish the obstacles in their path. And they never stop pushing themselves to be better.

Meet four science majors who are succeeding as both students and athletes:

We’re very proud of our student athletes, and we can’t wait to see what they achieve next.

 

 

February 19, 2019

Joshua Weitz led a press briefing on Sunday, Feb. 17, about how viruses reshape the fate of cells, populations, and global ecosystems. The briefing previewed the symposium “Virus, Microbes, and Their Entagled Fates,” which Weitz co-organized for the 2019 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in Washington, D.C.

Weitz is a professor in the School of Biological Sciences and the director of Georgia Tech’s Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences. Joining Weitz at the press briefing and symposium were Matthew Sullivan, from Ohio State University, and Alison Buchan, from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville; the symposium was co-organized with Adrienne Correa from Rice University.

In his remarks, Weitz dispelled a likely common belief – that the most common hosts of viruses are humans, “Indeed, viruses that infect humans – like influenza, Ebolazaire, HIV, or Zika – can have devastating and often lethal consequences,” he said. “Yet, most viruses on Earth don’t infect humans. Instead, they infect microbes, including single-celled bacteria and archaea.”

Viruses that infect bacteria are known as bacteriophage. They are abundant and highly diverse.

The symposium and briefing highlighted how research on virus-microbe dynamics in the oceans may inform climate change mitigation efforts. It could also lead to virus-based therapeutics to  treat antimicrobial-resistant infections.

Pages

Subscribe to College of Sciences | Georgia Institute of Technology | Atlanta, GA RSS